Oxidative stress plays a critical ph scale role in the pathophysiology of several major cardiovascul

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Buchang naoxintong capsule (BNC) is a traditional Chinese medicine ph scale approved for the treatment of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular ph scale diseases. However, little is known about the specific ph scale protective function or mechanism by which BNC protects against myocardial injury. This research was designed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of BNC in vitro model of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-induced H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts. BNC intestinal absorption liquid ph scale was used in this study instead of drug-containing ph scale serum or extracting solution. Our study revealed that BNC preconditioning enhanced antioxidant function by increasing the activities of total-antioxygen capacity, total-superoxide dismutase, and catalase and by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. BNC preconditioning also activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and inhibited apoptosis-related proteins such as poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3. Additionally, preincubation with BNC reduced intracellular Ca 2+ concentration, improved mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased the apoptosis rate of H9c2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These data demonstrated that BNC protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative injury by increasing antioxidant abilities, activating ERK1/2, and blocking Ca 2+ -dependent ph scale and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. ph scale Based on our results, the potency of BNC for protecting H9c2 cells from oxidative damage is comparable to that of trimetazidine. 1. Introduction
Oxidative stress plays a critical ph scale role in the pathophysiology of several major cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, and myocardial ischemical reperfusion injury [ 1 , 2 ]. Significant oxidative stress causes excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is an important event in the development of cardiovascular diseases. ROS accumulation may contribute to a number of cardiovascular disorders [ 3 , 4 ]. Cellular sources of ROS come from the mitochondrial electron transport chain, xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase, lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide synthase, and autoxidation of various substances particularly catecholamines [ 5 ].
Increased ROS cause significant damage to myocardial cells, which can be neutralized by antioxidant molecules such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH). These antioxidant molecules counteract oxidation and play vital roles in maintaining ph scale a stable intracellular environment. Moreover, ROS damage cellular membrane by causing lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde ph scale (MDA) is a major lipid peroxidation product and may reflect the degree of cellular injury [ 6 ].
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) have been reported to be activated by oxidative stress in some cell types and play important roles in many aspects of cellular function [ 7 ]. ERK1/2 activation by ROS in cardiomyocytes mediates a wide range of activities including metabolism, migration, inflammation, cell survival, and cell death [ 8 ]. Indeed, DNA microarray data showed that nearly 100 genes were involved in cellular responses to oxidative stress [ 9 ].
Buchang naoxintong capsule (BNC) consists of 16 various kinds of traditional Chinese medicines including Astragalus membranaceus, Salvia miltiorrhiza , Ligusticum , Radix paeoniae rubra , Szechwan lovage Rhizome , Semen persicae ph scale , Carthamus tinctorius L , Frankincense , myrrh , Spatholobus suberectus , Achyranthes Root , Cassia Twig , Mulberry Twig , earthworms, scorpions, and hirudo, which is an approved traditional Chinese medicine for stroke and angina [ 10 ]. BNC protected mice from atherosclerosis by reducing lipid concentrations and inhibiting maturation of dendritic cells [ 11 ]. BNC also increased the catalytic activity of the drug-metabolizing CYP2C19 enzyme [ 12 ]. The combination of BNC and clopidogrel enhanced the antiplatelet effect in patients with the CYP2C19 ∗ 2 gene mutation [ 13 ]. BNC has been shown to have protective ph scale effects in cardiac and vascular diseases. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of BNC cardioprotective activity have not yet been elucidated.
In this study, oxidative stress was induced by exposing H9c2 cells to H 2 O 2 , which is a well-established model [ 14 ]. Treatments consisted BNC intestinal absorption liquids rather than extraction solutions or drug-containing sera. Trimetazidine (TMZ), a common treatment for angina in cardiac patients, served as a control [ 15 , 16 ]. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Animals
Adult